IJzige boetelingen in het maanlicht op Chajnantor

Babak Tafreshi, een van de ESO Photo Ambassadors, heeft een vreemd fenomeen op de Chajnantor hoogvlakte vastgelegd, de locatie waar de Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter array (ALMA) staat.

Deze bizarre ijs- en sneeuwformaties staan bekend als penitentes (Spaans voor boetelingen). De penitentes worden verlicht door het schijnsel van de Maan, die rechts op de foto zichtbaar is. Links, hoger hemelwaarts, zien we de Grote en Kleine Magelhaense Wolken zwakjes, terwijl de roodachtige gloed van de Carinanevel helemaal links en dichtbij de horizon zichtbaar is.

De penitentes zijn natuurwonderen die voorkomen in hooggelegen regio’s boven de 4.000 meter boven zeeniveau, zoals hier in de Chileense Andes. Ze bestaan uit dunne pieken en sprieten van ijs en hard geworden sneeuw. Penitentes ontstaan vaak in clusters, waarbij de sprieten op de zon gericht staan. De hoogte varieert van enkele centimeters - lijkend op gras - tot vijf meter: als een bevroren woud midden in de woestijn.

De exacte details over het ontstaan van de penitentes zijn nog steeds niet helemaal duidelijk. Vele jaren geloofden de bewoners van de Andes dat de sterke wind die het Andesgebergte geselde de penitentes vormde. Maar die sterke wind speelt maar een beperkte rol in het ontstaan van deze ijzige toppen. Vandaag de dag denkt men dat het komt door een combinatie van natuurkundige fenomenen.

Het proces begint bij zonlicht dat op de sneeuw valt. Door de heel droge omstandigheden in deze woestijnregionen, sublimeert het ijs in plaats van dat het smelt: er is een directe overgang van vaste fase naar een gasfase, waarbij de vloeibare fase wordt overgeslagen. In holtes in het sneeuwoppervlak wordt gereflecteerd licht opgevangen, waardoor er meer sublimatie en diepere sleuven ontstaan. Doordat de temperatuur en de luchtvochtigheidsgraad toenemen, kan het ijs in deze sleuven wél smelten. Deze positieve terugkoppeling versnelt de groei van de karakteristieke vorm van de penintentes.

Deze ijzige standbeelden zijn vernoemd naar de puntige hoeden van de nazarenos, leden van een bondgenootschap dat deelneemt aan paasprocessie over heel de wereld. Het is niet moeilijk om hen te zien als ijsmonniken die samenkomen in het maanlicht.

De foto werd genomen aan de weg die naar ALMA leidt. Dit observatorium, waar de vroegste wetenschappelijke operaties startte op 30 september 2011, zal uiteindelijk bestaan uit 66 hoge-precisie-antennes die samen één enorme telescoop vormen.

ALMA, een internationale astronomische faciliteit, is een samenwerkingsverband van Europa, Noord-Amerika en Oost-Azië, in samenwerking met Chili. De constructie en het gebruik van ALMA worden namens Europa geleid door ESO, namens Noord-Amerika door de National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) en namens Oost-Azië door de National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). De Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) leidt de samenwerking in goede banen en overziet de constructie, de commissioning en het gebruik van ALMA.

Links

Vertaling: Teun van Vijfeijken

Credit:

ESO/B. Tafreshi (twanight.org)

Over de afbeelding

Id:potw1221a
Taal:nl-be
Type:Fotografisch
Publicatiedatum:21 mei 2012 10:00
Grootte:4200 x 3012 px

Over het object

Naam:Atacama Desert
Type:Solar System : Planet : Feature : Surface

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