Pressemeddelelse

Ældgamle stjerneeksplosioner fundet nær Mælkevejens centrum med ESO-teleskop

16. december 2019

En gang i Mælkevejens fjerne fortid var der en dramatisk periode med intens stjernedannelse, som resulterede i over et hundrede tusinde supernovaeksplosioner. Det er ESOs Very Large Telescope, som har observeret centralområdet i Mælkevejen i hidtil uhørt detalje, og har fundet nye oplysninger om stjernedannelsen i vores galakse.

"Denne vores første undersøgelse af en stor del af galaksens centraldele har givet os den detaljeret indsigt i dannelsesprocessen for stjerner i denne del af Mælkevejen," siger Rainer Schödel fra Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia in Granada, Spanien, som har ledet observationsarbejde. "I modsætning til, hvad der indtil nu har været antaget, har vi opdaget, at stjernedannelsen ikke har været en jævn proces," tilføjer Francisco Nogueras-Lara, som har forestået to nye studieprojekter af Mælkevejen fra det samme institut i Granada.

I artiklen, som bliver publiceret idag i Nature Astronomy, beskriver forfatterne opdagelsen af, at omkring 80% af stjernerne i Mælkevejens centrale dele er dannet i vores galakses tidligste år; imellem 8 og 13,5 milliarder år tilbage. Denne første periode med stjernedannelse blev efterfulgt af omkring seks milliarder år, hvor der kun blev dannet forholdsvis få stjerner. Den stille periode blev brat afsluttet for en milliard år siden, hvor der i løbet af mindre end 100 millioner år igen skete en meget intens stjernedannelse. Her i centralområdet blev stjerner med en samlet masse på nogle få ti-millioner gange mere end hvad Solen vejer.

"Forholdene i det område, som vi har studeret, må i løbet af denne aktive periode have lignet den, vi ser i ‘starburst'-galakser, hvor der dannes stjerner i et omfang af mere end 100 gange Solens masse per år," siger Nogueras-Lara, som nu arbejder ved Max Planck Institute for Astronomy i Heidelberg, Tyskland. I øjeblikket dannes der i hele Mælkevejen stjerner, som årligt udgøre et par solmasser.

"Denne voldsomme aktivitet må have forårsaget mere end hundrede tusinde supernovaeksplosioner - noget, som sandsynligvis er en af de mest energirige hændelser i hele Mælkevejens historie," tilføjer han. Ved intens stjernedannelse dannes der mange tunge stjerner. De eksisterer i kortere tid end lettere stjerner, så derfor sker der forholdsvis kort tid efter stjernedannelsen en mængde voldsomme supernovaeksplosioner.

Resultatet her bygger på observationer af galaksens centrale dele med ESOs instrument  HAWK-I monteret på VLT i Chiles Atacamaørken. Det er et infrarødt kamera, som kan se ind igennem de støvskyer som findes tæt omkring Mælkevejens centrum. Kameraet har leveret et billede, som blev offentliggjort i oktober 2019 i Astronomy & Astrophysics af Nogueras-Lara sammen med et hold astronomer fra Spanien, USA, Japan og Tyskland. Det imponerende billede viser galaksens tættest befolkede område med stjerner, gas og støv, hvor der også findes et supertungt sort hul; altsammen med en vinkelopløsning på 0,2 buesekunder. Det svarer til, at HAWK-I ville kunne se en fodbold i Zürich fra München (hvor ESOs hovedkvarter befinder sig).

Billedet er det første, som er offentliggjort i forbindelse med oversigtsprogrammet GALACTICNUCLEUS. I programmet udnyttes HAWK-I på ESOs VLT til at frembringe smukke og skarpe billeder af vores galakses centrale dele. I programmet er der undersøgt mere end tre millioner stjerner indenfor et område på mere end 60 000 kvadratlysår i den afstand, som svarer til galaksens centrum (et lysår er cirka 9,5 trillioner kilometer).

Noter

 

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Mere information

 

This research was presented in the paper “GALACTICNUCLEUS: A high angular resolution JHKs imaging survey of the Galactic Centre: II. First data release of the catalogue and the most detailed CMDs of the GC” published in Astronomy & Astrophysics and in “Early formation and recent starburst activity in the nuclear disc of the Milky Way” to appear in Nature Astronomy (doi: 10.1038/s41550-019-0967-9).

The team of the Astronomy & Astrophysics paper is composed of F. Nogueras-Lara (Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Granada, Spain [IAA-CSIC]), R. Schödel (IAA-CSIC), A. T. Gallego-Calvente (IAA-CSIC), H. Dong (IAA-CSIC), E. Gallego-Cano (IAA and Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán, Almería, Spain), B. Shahzamanian (IAA-CSIC), J. H. V. Girard (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA), S. Nishiyama (Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan), F. Najarro (Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología CAB (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain), N. Neumayer (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany).

The team of the Nature Astronomy paper is composed of F. Nogueras-Lara (Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Granada, Spain [IAA-CSIC]), R. Schödel (IAA-CSIC), A. T. Gallego-Calvente (IAA-CSIC), E. Gallego-Cano (IAA-CSIC), B. Shahzamanian (IAA-CSIC), H. Dong (IAA-CSIC), N. Neumayer (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany), M. Hilker (European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany), F. Najarro (Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain), S. Nishiyama (Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan), A. Feldmeier-Krause (The Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. The University of Chicago, Chicago, US), J. H. V. Girard (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA) and S. Cassisi (INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy).

ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in Europe and the world’s most productive ground-based astronomical observatory by far. It has 16 Member States: Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, along with the host state of Chile and with Australia as a Strategic Partner. ESO carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. ESO operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large Telescope and its world-leading Very Large Telescope Interferometer as well as two survey telescopes, VISTA working in the infrared and the visible-light VLT Survey Telescope. Also at Paranal ESO will host and operate the Cherenkov Telescope Array South, the world’s largest and most sensitive gamma-ray observatory. ESO is also a major partner in two facilities on Chajnantor, APEX and ALMA, the largest astronomical project in existence. And on Cerro Armazones, close to Paranal, ESO is building the 39-metre Extremely Large Telescope, the ELT, which will become “the world’s biggest eye on the sky”.

Kontakter

Francisco Nogueras-Lara
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Heidelberg, Germany
Tel: +49 6221 528-393
E-mail: nogueras@mpia.de

Rainer Schödel
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC)
Granada, Spain
Tel: +34 958 230 529
E-mail: rainer@iaa.es

Bárbara Ferreira
ESO Public Information Officer
Garching bei München, Germany
Tel: +49 89 3200 6670
Mobil: +49 151 241 664 00
E-mail: pio@eso.org

Ole J. Knudsen (Pressekontakt Danmark)
ESOs formidlingsnetværk og Aarhus Space Centre, Aarhus Universitet
Aarhus, Danmark
Tel: +45 8715 5597
E-mail: eson-denmark@eso.org

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Dette er en oversættelse af ESO pressemeddelelse eso1920 lavet af ESON - et netværk af personer i ESOs medlemslande, der er kontaktpunkter for medierne i forbindelse med ESO nyheder, pressemeddelelser mm.

Om pressemeddelelsen

Pressemeddelelse nr.:eso1920da
Navn:Milky Way Galactic Centre
Type:Milky Way : Galaxy : Component : Center/Core
Facility:Very Large Telescope
Instruments:HAWK-I
Science data:2020NatAs...4..377N
2019A&A...631A..20N

Billeder

HAWK-I ser på Mælkevejens centralområde
HAWK-I ser på Mælkevejens centralområde
Detaljer af HAWK-I's billede af Mælkevejens centralområde
Detaljer af HAWK-I's billede af Mælkevejens centralområde
Her finder man galaksens centrum på stjernehimlen
Her finder man galaksens centrum på stjernehimlen

Videoer

ESOcast 213 Light: Smukke stjerner i Mælkevejens centralområde
ESOcast 213 Light: Smukke stjerner i Mælkevejens centralområde
Panorama hen over Mælkevejens centrale dele
Panorama hen over Mælkevejens centrale dele
Zoom ind på Mælkevejens centralområde
Zoom ind på Mælkevejens centralområde
Mælkevejens centralområde i synligt lys og i infrarødt
Mælkevejens centralområde i synligt lys og i infrarødt
Mælkevejens centralområder observeret henholdsvis med VISTA og med HAWK-I
Mælkevejens centralområder observeret henholdsvis med VISTA og med HAWK-I

Billedesammenligning

The Milky Way’s central region in visible light and near-infrared
The Milky Way’s central region in visible light and near-infrared
tekst kun tilgængelig på engelsk
Sammenlign Mælkevejens centrum i synligt og nær-infrarødt lys
Sammenlign Mælkevejens centrum i synligt og nær-infrarødt lys

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